Я уже не раз писала о том, что неплохо бы ознакомиться с тем, как образуются слова в изучаемом вами языке. В этом посте я бы хотела поделиться с вами списками почти всех префиксов и суффиксов, составленными Виктором, а также рассказать более подробно о суффиксах -ling, -let, которые в большом количестве «водятся» в после про названия детенышей животных.
Итак, префиксы английского языка (пост про «отрицательные» приставки)
| WordPart | Main meaning | Comments | Exmple 1 | Example 2 |
| a- | toward | ahead | aside | |
| a- | not | atypical | asexual | |
| ab- | away from | abuse | abnormal | |
| ac- | close to, connect | before C | account | accompany |
| ad- | close to, connect | adapt | advise | |
| af- | close to, connect | before F | affect | affirm |
| ag- | close to, connect | before G | aggregate | aggrieve |
| al- | close to, connect | before L | allocate | allege |
| ambi- | on both sides | ambidexterous | ambivalence | |
| anti- | against | anti-social | anti-government | |
| ap- | close to, connect | before P | approach | appropriate |
| arch- | more than/main | arch-enemy | archetypal | |
| as- | close to, connect | before S | assignment | assumption |
| at- | close to, connect | before T | attract | attitude |
| auto- | self | autofocus | autobiography | |
| be- | make to be | belittle | befriend | |
| bene- | well | benevolent | benefit | |
| bi- | two | biplane | bilingual | |
| cata- | down, against | catalogue | catacomb | |
| circum- | around | circumspect | circumlocution | |
| co- | together | co-worker | coordinatate | |
| col- | together | collect | collaboration | |
| com- | together | commixture | commit | |
| con- | together | convolute | congenial | |
| cor- | together | correspond | corroboration | |
| counter- | agaist/opposite | counteract | counter-productive | |
| contra- | against | contradict | contravene | |
| de- | down/opposite | decompose | decode | |
| demi- | half | demigod | demi-official | |
| dis- | not/appart | disappear | disperse | |
| down- | downward | downpour | downturn | |
| em- | make to be | empower | embody | |
| en- | make to be | endanger | enlarge | |
| ex- | earlier | ex-wife | ex-member | |
| extra | beyond | extraordinary | extraterrestrial | |
| fore- | in advance | forewarn | foresee | |
| hyper- | too much | hypertension | hyperactive | |
| il- | not | illegal | illogical | |
| im- | not | impossible | impersonal | |
| in- | not | informal | independent | |
| in- | upon | integument | influence | |
| inter- | between | international | interface | |
| ir- | not | irregular | irrelevant | |
| mal- | bad | malfunction | malnutrition | |
| micro- | small | microcomputer | microfilm | |
| mid- | halfway | midnight | midsummer | |
| mis- | wrongly | misjudge | misunderstand | |
| mono- | one | monotone | monoculture | |
| multi- | many | multinational | multicultural | |
| neo- | new | neo-classical | neo-Gothic | |
| non- | not | non-smoker | non-stop | |
| omni- | all | omnipotent | omnivorous | |
| poly | many | polygamy | polytheism | |
| post- | after | postwar | postmodern | |
| pre- | before | preheat | pre-school | |
| pro- | supporting/for | pro-Britain | pro-family | |
| pseudo- | false | pseudo-classic | pseudonym | |
| re- | again | replay | remake | |
| semi- | half | semi-final | semi-circle | |
| sub- | under | subclass | subsystem | |
| super- | beyond | supernatural | superhuman | |
| sur- | over | surpass | surreal | |
| trans- | change/cross | transform | transplant | |
| tri- | three | trinity | triangle | |
| un- | not | unhappy | unlucky | |
| ultra- | beyond | ultraviolet | ultramoderm | |
| uni- | one | unisex | unicycle | |
| under- | low/lower | underestimate | underneath |
Суффиксы английского языка
| WordPart | Meanin | Parts of speach | Exmple 1 | Example 2 |
| -able | can be | Adjective | readable | touchable |
| -age | Noun | shortage | coverage | |
| -al | Noun | renewal | arrival | |
| -al | Adjective | personal | relational | |
| -an | person/place | European | American | |
| -ance | Noun | clearance | allowance | |
| -ancy | Noun | expectancy | consultancy | |
| -ant | Adjective | resultant | expectant | |
| -ant | person/thing | Noun | consultant | servant |
| -ar | Adjective | circular | angular | |
| -ary | quality | Adjective | imaginary | momentary |
| -ary | person/thing | Noun | secretary | commentary |
| -ate | Adjective | passionate | fortunate | |
| -ate | Verb | activate | formulate | |
| -atic | Adjective | problematic | systematic | |
| -ation | Noun | consideration | limitation | |
| -atory | Adjective | preparatory | exploratory | |
| -cy | Noun | bankruptcy | accuracy | |
| -dom | a state of | Noun | freedom | boredom |
| -ee | person | Noun | trainee | employee |
| -eer | person | Noun | mountaineer | engineer |
| -en | made of | Adjective | wooden | golden |
| -en | Verb | harden | deepen | |
| -ence | Noun | difference | existence | |
| -ency | Noun | tendency | dependency | |
| -ent | person/thing | Noun | president | respondent |
| -ent | of quality to do | Adjective | different | consistent |
| -er | person/thing | Noun | sender | teacher |
| -ery | Noun | cookery | robbery | |
| -ese | relating to | Person | Japanese | Vietnamese |
| -esque | Adjective | picturesque | statuesque | |
| -ess | female | Noun | actress | princess |
| -et | small | Noun | packet | owlet |
| -ette | small | Noun | kitchenette | cigarette |
| -fold | times | Adjective | twofold | threefold |
| -ful | of a quality | Adjective | careful | useful |
| -ful | amount | Adjective | armful | spoonful |
| -hood | a state of | Noun | childhood | motherhood |
| -i | relating to | Person | Israeli | Iraqi |
| -ian | relating to | Person | musician | Egyptian |
| -ible | can be | Adjective | accessible | convertible |
| -ic | Adjective | periodic | heroic | |
| -ify | Verb | classify | simplify | |
| -ion | Noun | discussion | action | |
| -ise | Verb | standardise | finalise | |
| -ish | Adjective | childish | foolish | |
| -ism | theory of | Noun | realism | nationalism |
| -ist | person | Noun | specialist | artist |
| -ite | relating to | Person | Israelite | socialite |
| -ition | Noun | addition | opposition | |
| -ity | Noun | publicity | reality | |
| -ive | Adjective | active | creative | |
| -ize | to bring to a state of | Adjective | standardize | finalize |
| -less | without | Noun | endless | careless |
| -let | small | Noun | booklet | droplet |
| -ling | connected with | Noun | weakling | underling |
| -ly | Adjective | lively | friendly | |
| -ly | Adverb | widely | kindly | |
| -ment | Noun | agreement | movement | |
| -most | the furthest | Adjective | topmost | uppermost |
| -ness | Noun | kindness | sickness | |
| -or | person/thing | Noun | collector | governor |
| -ory | of quality to do | Adjective | sensory | contradictory |
| -ous | Adjective | dangerous | continuous | |
| -ry | Noun | memo | aviary | |
| -ship | a state of | Noun | leadership | friendship |
| -sive | of quality to do | Adjective | persuasive | pervasive |
| -some | Adjective | troublesome | fearsome | |
| -ster | person | Noun | youngster | gangster |
| -th | Noun | warmth | growth | |
| -th | number | Numeral | fourth | sixth |
| -ty | Noun | safety | uncertainty | |
| -ure | Noun | pressure | failure | |
| -ward | direction | Adverb | northward | backward |
| -ways | direction | Adverb | sideways | lengthways |
| -wise | direction | Adverb | anticlockwise | otherwise |
| -y | connected with | Adjective | windy | speedy |
| -y | of quality to be | Noun | difficulty | honesty |
Всегда внимательный plush в связи с постом про названия детенышей животных обратил мое внимание на суффиксы -ling и -let, о существовании которых я до тех пор и не подозревала.
Итак, суффикс -ling образует существительные, обозначающие человека, животное или растение, для которых характерно то действие, состояние или положение, на которое указывает основа (лучше, чем Lingvo мне не сказать)
to fledge — выкармливать птенцов, до тех пор пока они сами не смогут летать; fledg(e)ling — птенец
to yean — ягниться; yeanling — ягненок
to be fond of smb — души в ком-то не чаять; fondling — любимчик
ground — земля; groundling — некто или нечто обитающее на земле (ползучее растение или животное, живущее на земной поверхности)
Также этот суффикс может использоваться для образования существительных со значением уменьшительности или даже уничижительности
frogling (frog) — лягушонок (лягушка)
gosling (goose) — гусенок (гусь)
duckling — маленькая утка
darling — букв. маленький дорогой человек (little dear)
Суффикс -let также указывает на небольшие размеры
piglet — поросенок
eaglet — орленок